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Oceniono. / 5. Na podstawie oceny klientów
Chapter 13: Features of GNU make 143
13 Features of GNU make
Here is a summary of the features of GNU make, for comparison with and credit to other
versions of make. We consider the features of make in 4.2 BSD systems as a baseline. If
you are concerned with writing portable makefiles, you should not use the features of make
listed here, nor the ones in Chapter 14 [Missing], page 147.
Many features come from the version of make in System V.
• The VPATH variable and its special meaning. See Section 4.4 [Searching Directories for
Prerequisites], page 25. This feature exists in System V make, but is undocumented.
It is documented in 4.3 BSD make (which says it mimics System V’s VPATH feature).
• Included makefiles. See Section 3.3 [Including Other Makefiles], page 13. Allowing
multiple files to be included with a single directive is a GNU extension.
• Variables are read from and communicated via the environment. See Section 6.10
[Variables from the Environment], page 70.
• Options passed through the variable MAKEFLAGS to recursive invocations of make. See
Section 5.7.3 [Communicating Options to a Sub-make], page 54.
• The automatic variable $% is set to the member name in an archive reference. See
Section 10.5.3 [Automatic Variables], page 120.
• The automatic variables $@, $*, $<, $%, and $? have corresponding forms like $(@F)
and $(@D). We have generalized this to $^ as an obvious extension. See Section 10.5.3
[Automatic Variables], page 120.
• Substitution variable references. See Section 6.1 [Basics of Variable References],
page 59.
• The command line options ‘-b’ and ‘-m’, accepted and ignored. In System V make,
these options actually do something.
• Execution of recursive commands to run make via the variable MAKE even if ‘-n’, ‘-q’
or ‘-t’ is specified. See Section 5.7 [Recursive Use of make], page 50.
• Support for suffix ‘.a’ in suffix rules. See Section 11.4 [Archive Suffix Rules], page 130.
This feature is obsolete in GNU make, because the general feature of rule chaining (see
Section 10.4 [Chains of Implicit Rules], page 117) allows one pattern rule for installing
members in an archive (see Section 11.2 [Archive Update], page 129) to be sufficient.
• The arrangement of lines and backslash/newline combinations in recipes is retained
when the recipes are printed, so they appear as they do in the makefile, except for the
stripping of initial whitespace.
The following features were inspired by various other versions of make. In some cases it
is unclear exactly which versions inspired which others.
• Pattern rules using ‘%’. This has been implemented in several versions of make. We’re
not sure who invented it first, but it’s been spread around a bit. See Section 10.5
[Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules], page 118.
• Rule chaining and implicit intermediate files. This was implemented by Stu Feldman
in his version of make for AT&T Eighth Edition Research Unix, and later by Andrew
Hume of AT&T Bell Labs in his mk program (where he terms it “transitive closure”).
We do not really know if we got this from either of them or thought it up ourselves at
the same time. See Section 10.4 [Chains of Implicit Rules], page 117.
- GNU Make 1
- Short Contents 5
- Table of Contents 7
- 1 Overview of make 11
- 2 An Introduction to Makefiles 13
- 2.2 A Simple Makefile 14
- 2.6 Another Style of Makefile 18
- 3 Writing Makefiles 21
- 3.1.1 Splitting Long Lines 22
- 3.3 Including Other Makefiles 23
- 3.4 The Variable MAKEFILES 24
- 3.5 How Makefiles Are Remade 24
- 3.7 How make Reads a Makefile 26
- Conditional Directives 27
- Rule Definition 27
- 3.8 Secondary Expansion 28
- 4 Writing Rules 31
- 4.2 Types of Prerequisites 32
- 4.3.1 Wildcard Examples 33
- 4.3.3 The Function wildcard 34
- 4.4.2 The vpath Directive 36
- 4.5 Phony Targets 39
- 4.11 Static Pattern Rules 46
- 4.12 Double-Colon Rules 48
- %.d: %.c 49
- @set -e; rm -f $@; \ 49
- 5 Writing Recipes in Rules 51
- 5.2 Recipe Echoing 53
- 5.3 Recipe Execution 54
- 5.3.2 Choosing the Shell 55
- 5.4 Parallel Execution 57
- 5.5 Errors in Recipes 59
- 5.7 Recursive Use of make 60
- 5.8 Defining Canned Recipes 66
- 5.9 Using Empty Recipes 67
- 6 How to Use Variables 69
- 6.3.1 Substitution References 72
- 6.3.2 Computed Variable Names 73
- 6.5 Setting Variables 75
- 6.7 The override Directive 78
- 6.9 Undefining Variables 79
- 6.13 Suppressing Inheritance 82
- 6.14 Other Special Variables 83
- 7.1 Example of a Conditional 87
- 7.2 Syntax of Conditionals 88
- 8.1 Function Call Syntax 93
- 8.3 Functions for File Names 97
- 8.5 The foreach Function 100
- 8.6 The file Function 101
- 8.7 The call Function 102
- 8.8 The value Function 103
- 8.9 The eval Function 103
- 8.10 The origin Function 104
- 8.11 The flavor Function 105
- 8.14 The guile Function 107
- 8.13 The shell Function 107
- 9 How to Run make 109
- 9.5 Overriding Variables 113
- 9.7 Summary of Options 114
- 10 Using Implicit Rules 121
- 10.4 Chains of Implicit Rules 127
- 10.5.2 Pattern Rule Examples 129
- 10.5.3 Automatic Variables 130
- 10.5.4 How Patterns Match 132
- 10.7 Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules 135
- 12 Extending GNU make 143
- 12.2 Loading Dynamic Objects 145
- 12.2.1 The load Directive 146
- Loaded Object Licensing 147
- Data Structures 148
- Registering Functions 148
- Registered Function Interface 148
- GNU make Facilities 148
- Memory Management 149
- 12.2.4 Example Loaded Object 149
- 13 Features of GNU make 153
- 15 Makefile Conventions 159
- 15.2 Utilities in Makefiles 160
- CFLAGS = -g 161
- ALL_CFLAGS = -I. $(CFLAGS) 161
- Appendix A Quick Reference 175
- Index of Concepts 201
- 192 GNU make 202
- Index of Concepts 193 203
- 194 GNU make 204
- Index of Concepts 195 205
- 196 GNU make 206
- Index of Concepts 197 207
- 198 GNU make 208
- 200 GNU make 210
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